Mold steel is a popular choice for injection molding dies. It is strong and wear resistant, making it ideal for high-volume production. In this guide, we will discuss the different types of mold steel available, as well as their respective advantages and disadvantages. Whether you are just starting out in plastic injection molding or are looking to upgrade your current die selection, this guide will be sure to help!
What is molds steel?
The creation of molds, such as cold-punching molds, hot forging dies, die-casting molds, and others, uses a substance called mold steel. The mold is the primary processing tool used in the fabrication of radiometers, motors, and other types of machinery.
The Ultimate Guide To Mold Steel
What are the points to consider when selecting mold steel?
Resistance to wear
Its wear resistance is one of the most important characteristics of die steel. Hardness is a key factor that determines wear resistance. In many cases, a high die hardness, minimal loss, and superior corrosion resistance are desirable qualities. Wear resistance varies with carbide type, number, and shape.
Durability
The mold’s working pressure is extremely high. It needs to support a heavy impact load. Therefore, it needs to be very strong and resilient to handle such demanding working conditions. The amount of carbon and the texture affect how tough it is.
Fatigue resistance
Molds that are operated under such high pressure always experience fatigue fracture. The characteristics that affect the fatigue limit are the material’s strength, toughness, hardness, and quantity of inclusions.
Features of high temperature
Working at a high temperature will cause its hardness and strength to decrease, causing the mold to distort and fail. To guarantee that the mold has great strength and hardness when working at high temperatures, the mold steel must have excellent tempering stability.
Corrosion protection
The thermal decomposition will result in the production of HCl, HF, and other etching gasses because the plastic contains chlorine, fluorine, and other elements. This will damage the mold cavity’s surface and harden it, increasing the likelihood that the mold may break.
The following video is intended to help you get a better understanding of the basics of mold steel and what to consider when selecting your own mold steel that meets your specific requirements.
What are different types of molding materials?
There are many different plastic mold material series available because of the variety of working conditions (processing objects), manufacturing processes, precision, and requirements for durability of plastic molds. Steel, copper alloys, aluminum alloys, and zinc alloys are some of the materials utilized to make plastic molds.
Mould steel
Steel is used in the majority of plastic molds. The two main types of steel are carbon steel and alloy steel, with varying chemical compositions. Heat treatment can also alter steel`s strength, plasticity, and toughness. The steel of ordinary carbon composition is typically marked with sulfur and phosphorus content depending on the letter A, B, C, or D; for instance, steel of grade A is stamped with yield strength and the number Q, with the Q indicating the yield point size, and the number for the symbol Q plus the number. Letters F and b go behind the grade for boiling steel, respectively; letters F and b do not go behind the grade for sedimentation steel.
Can steel be injection molded?
Yes, this process is called Metal Injection Molding (MIM) or steel injection molding. As a result of the laser technology, it can provide intricate parts made from metals such as steel, stainless steel or even high-temperature alloys such as nickel and titanium. Industries such as medical, electronics, aerospace, etc. are now using this kind of process.
The tables 1 and 2 provide information on the mechanical properties, chemical composition, and grade of common carbon structural steel.
Grades of standard carbon structural steel and its chemical make-up in Table 1
Chemical composition (mass fraction,%) | ||||||||
Brand | C | Si | Mn | P | S | Ni | Cr | Cu |
≤ | ||||||||
08F | 0.05 ~ 0.11 | ≤ 0.03 | 0.25 ~ 0.50 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.25 |
10F | 0.07 ~ 0.14 | ≤ 0.07 | 0.25 ~ 0.50 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.25 |
8 | 0.05 ~ 0.12 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.35 ~ 0.65 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.25 |
10 | 0.07 ~ 0.14 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.35 ~ 0.65 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.25 |
15 | 0.12 ~ 0.19 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.35 ~ 0.65 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
20 | 0.17 ~ 0.24 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.35 ~ 0.65 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
25 | 0.22 ~ 0.30 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.50 ~ 0.80 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
30 | 0.27 ~ 0.35 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.50 ~ 0.80 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
35 | 0.32 ~ 0.40 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.50 ~ 0.80 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
40 | 0.37 ~ 0.45 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.50 ~ 0.80 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
45 | 0.42 ~ 0.50 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.50 ~ 0.80 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
50 | 0.47 ~ 0.55 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.50 ~ 0.80 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
55 | 0.52 ~ 0.60 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.50 ~ 0.80 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
60 | 0.57 ~ 0.65 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.50 ~ 0.80 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
65 | 0.62 ~ 0.70 | 0.17 ~ 0.37 | 0.50 ~ 0.80 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
Carbon steel is typically used without heat treatment. Q195, Q215, and Q235 steels are known for their low carbon content, superior welding characteristics, and strength. Steel grades Q255 and Q275 are stronger, more flexible, and tougher when welded. Ensure high-quality carbon structural steel’s chemical structure and mechanical properties. The steel grade is a two-digit number that represents its carbon content. Carbon structural steel is crucial to the creation of plastic molds. In Tables 3 and 4, premium carbon structural steel is described chemically and mechanically. Based on its many uses, steel can also be classified as structural steel, tool steel, carburized steel, stainless steel, spring steel, bearing steel, and heat-resistant steel.
Table 3 High-quality carbon structural steel has the following chemical makeup:
Brand | Sample | Recommended heat treatment/℃ | Mechanical properties | Hardness of steel in delivery state HBW | |||||||
Blank | ≤ | ||||||||||
Dimensions/ | Normalizing | Quenching | Tempering | σ b/MPa | W | AK/J | |||||
Mm | σ/MPa | 5 | |||||||||
Not less than | Untreated | Annealed steel | |||||||||
8 | 25 | 930 | 295 | 175 | 35 | 60 | 131 | ||||
10 | 25 | 930 | 315 | 185 | 33 | 55 | 137 | ||||
8 | 25 | 930 | 325 | 195 | 33 | 60 | 131 | ||||
10 | 25 | 930 | 335 | 205 | 31 | 55 | 137 | ||||
15 | 25 | 920 | 375 | 225 | 27 | 55 | 143 | ||||
20 | 25 | 910 | 410 | 245 | 25 | 55 | 156 | ||||
25 | 25 | 900 | 870 | 600 | 450 | 275 | 23 | 50 | 71 | 170 | |
30 | 25 | 880 | 860 | 600 | 490 | 295 | 21 | 50 | 63 | 179 | |
35 | 25 | 870 | 850 | 600 | 530 | 315 | 20 | 45 | 55 | 197 | |
40 | 25 | 860 | 840 | 600 | 570 | 335 | 19 | 45 | 47 | 217 | 187 |
45 | 25 | 850 | 840 | 600 | 600 | 355 | 16 | 40 | 39 | 229 | 197 |
50 | 25 | 830 | 830 | 600 | 630 | 375 | 14 | 40 | 31 | 241 | 207 |
55 | 25 | 820 | 820 | 600 | 645 | 380 | 13 | 35 | 255 | 217 | |
60 | 25 | 810 | 675 | 400 | 12 | 35 | 255 | 229 | |||
65 | 25 | 810 | 695 | 410 | 10 | 30 | 255 | 229 |
Table 4 High-quality carbon structural steel’s mechanical characteristics
Steel grade | C | Si | Mn | Cr | W | Mo | V | Others | |
Carburized plastic die steel | 20Cr | 0.17 ~ | 0.17 ~ | 0.50 ~ | 0.80 ~ | ||||
0.24 | 0.37 | 0.8 | 1.1 | ||||||
12CrNi2 | 0.10 ~ | 0.17 ~ | 0.30 ~ | 0.60 ~ | Ni1.50 ~ 2.00 | ||||
0.17 | 0.37 | 0.6 | 0.9 | ||||||
12CrNi3 | 0.10 ~ | 0.17 ~ | 0.30 ~ | 0.60 ~ | Ni2.75 ~ 3.25 | ||||
0.17 | 0.37 | 0.6 | 0.9 | ||||||
20Cr2Ni4 | 0.17 ~ | 0.17 ~ | 0.30 ~ | 1.20 ~ | Ni 3.25 ~ 3.75 | ||||
0.23 | 0.37 | 0.6 | 1.75 | ||||||
20CrMnTi | 0.17 ~ | 0.17 ~ | 0.80 ~ | 1.00 ~ | Ti 0.04 ~ 0.10 | ||||
0.23 | 0.37 | 1.1 | 1.3 | ||||||
Pre-hardened plastic die steel | 3Cr2Mo | 0.28 ~ | 0.20 ~ | 0.60 ~ | 1.40 ~ | 0.30 ~ | |||
0.4 | 0.8 | 1 | 2 | 0.55 | |||||
3Cr2MnNiMo | 0.28 ~ | 0.20 ~ | 1.20 ~ | 1.40 ~ | 0.30 ~ | Ni0.85 ~ 1.15 | |||
0.4 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 2 | 0.55 | |||||
5CrNiMnMoVSCa | 0.50 ~ | 0.20 ~ | 0.85 ~ | 1.00 ~ | 0.30 ~ | 0.10 ~ | Ni0.85 ~ 1.15 Ca, S | ||
0.6 | 0.8 | 1.15 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | ||||
8Cr2MnWMoVS | 0.75 ~ | ≤ 0.40 | 1.30 ~ | 2.30 ~ | 0.50 ~ | 0.10 ~ | S0.06 ~ | ||
0.85 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 0.25 | 0.1 | ||||
Age-hardening plastic die steel | 25CrNi3MoAl | 0.20 ~ | 0.20 ~ | 0.20 ~ | 1.20 ~ | 0.20 ~ | Al1.00 ~ 1.60 Ni2.50 ~ 3.00 | ||
0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.4 | |||||
1.30 ~ | 0.90 ~ | 0.08 ~ | TiAl | ||||||
06Ni6CrMoVTiAl | ≤ 0.06 | ≤ 0.06 | ≤ 0.50 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.16 | 1.0/0.5 | ||
Ni 5.50 ~ 6.50 | |||||||||
Ti0. 30/0.50 Al0. 05/0.15 Ni17. 5/18.5 Co7. 00/8.00 | |||||||||
18Ni (250) | ≤ 0.03 | ≤ 0.10 | ≤ 0.10 | 4.25 ~ | |||||
5.25 | |||||||||
Corrosion resistant plastic die steel | 4Cr13 | 0.35 ~ | ≤ 0.06 | ≤ 0.80 | 12.00 ~ | ||||
0.45 | 14 | ||||||||
9Cr18 | 0.90 ~ | 0.50 ~ | ≤ 0.80 | 17.00 ~ | |||||
1 | 0.9 | 19 | |||||||
Cr14Mo | 0.90~ | 0.30~ | ≤0.80 | 12.00~ | 1.40~ | ||||
1.05 | 0.6 | 14 | 1.8 | ||||||
Cr18MoV | 1.17~ | 0.50~ | ≤0.80 | 17.50~ | 0.50~ | 0.10~ | |||
1.25 | 0.9 | 19 | 0.8 | 0.2 | |||||
1Cr17Ni2 | 0.11~ | ≤0.80 | ≤0.80 | 16.00~ | Ni1.50~2.50 | ||||
0.17 | 18 | ||||||||
Integral hardened plastic mould steel | 9Mn2V | 0.85~ | ≤0.40 | 1.70~ | 0.15~ | ||||
0.95 | 2 | 0.25 | |||||||
CrWMn | 0.90~ | ≤0.40 | 0.80~ | 0.90~ | 1.20~ | ||||
1.05 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.6 | ||||||
9CrWMn | 0.85~ | ≤0.40 | 0.90~ | 0.50~ | 0.50~ | ||||
0.95 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.8 | ||||||
Cr12MoV | 1.45~ | ≤0.40 | ≤0.40 | 11.00~ | 0.40~ | 0.15~ | |||
1.7 | 12.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | ||||||
4Cr5MoSiV1 | 0.32~ | 0.80~ | 0.20~ | 4.75~ | 1.10~ | 0.80~ | |||
0.45 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 5.5 | 1.75 | 1.2 |
Molds made of CrWMn, Cr12MoV, and other alloy tool steels have poor machine performance, have a hard time processing complex cavities, and have short mold lives. Moreover, they cannot deal with the issue of heat treatment deformation. Recent years have seen the introduction of several new plastic mold steels. There are four basic types of steel:
- Pre-hardened plastic mold steel is forged steel that has been pre-heated to the desired hardness before it is used to create molds. In our alloy tool steel standard, two of the most popular China mold steel are P20 mold steel and 718 mold steel, which increases processing quality and mold life.
- China has developed sulfur-containing free-cutting pre-hardening plastic mold steel. S, Pb, Cs, etc., are added to pre-hardened plastic mold steel to increase machinability. Large and medium-sized plastic items requiring longer life, complex shapes, and high precision are usually cast in pre-hardened plastic mold steel.
- Age-hardening plastic mold steel has been developed by China in recent years. When quenching and heat treating steels, the deformation of the steel is minimized, as the steel is designed to help prevent deformation.
- Cold extrusion molding of steel and plastic. Cold extrusion is a very cost-effective processing technique for producing complex plastic mold cavities since it does not require cavity trimming before pressing the hardened products out.
Injection mold steel materials
420 stainless steel, a high-quality steel with 13% chrome, is a preferred material for custom injection molding in China. Upon hardening, the high carbon content provides maximum corrosion resistance. The edge retains its shape and wears well.
Alloy of aluminum
Plastic molds cannot be made from pure aluminum due to its lack of strength. By adding magnesium, zinc, copper, silicon, and other alloying elements to aluminum, its strength and casting qualities can be improved. It also has high corrosion resistance, wear resistance, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. Plastic molds may change in shape and dimensions under higher temperatures and stresses.
Cobalt alloys
Copper alloys can be classified into three main categories: brass, bronze, and white copper. Alloys with nickel, including white copper, are made from copper. Due to their low melting points, zinc alloys are suitable for making plastic molds using casting techniques. Zinc alloys are often strengthened and corrosion-resistant by adding trace amounts of magnesium.l
Making the right choice for your mold – A guide to steel selection
The rapid development of plastic products makes it possible to categorize plastics into two categories: thermosetting plastics and thermoplastics. Plastic molding molds and the creation of mold materials provide a variety of different needs due to the varied types of diverse polymers, various qualities, and the size, shape, complexity, size accuracy, surface roughness, and production batch of various plastic goods. A choice of plastic mold material should, therefore, be based on some general guidelines, roughly according to the processing method, the service conditions, the product quality, and the batch selection of the material.
In choosing mold materials, it is important to take into consideration the plastic mold service circumstances and the quality of the product.
1) Carburized plastic mold steel is best for mold cavities requiring high hardness and wear resistance while maintaining a reasonable level of toughness. Carburizing plastic with a steel that has a low hardenability is ideal for injection molds with simple cavities and small sizes.
2) To ensure accuracy and performance of the mold, it is recommended to use pre-hardened plastic mold steel for complex mold cavities with a high degree of precision and long mold life requirements. This prevents cavity cutting and form because of excessive cavity deformation and ensures long mold life.
3) Molds of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer products containing glass fiber as filler or compression molds containing thermosetting polymers have extensive requirements for hardness, wear resistance, compressive strength, toughness, polishability, and electric processability.
4) The use of PVC, polystyrene, and ABS as raw materials for plastic products will result in corrosive gases being released during the molding process, resulting in mold failure. It is therefore vital that the mold material is corrosion-resistant; corrosion-resistant plastic mold steel can be used to make molds.
5) For long-section plastic molds, high surface roughness in the cavity, high brightness, precise size and shape, and corrosion resistance, plastic mold steel that hardens over time is recommended. Products with high wear resistance and transparency should also use it. As stated in Table 4, various plastic mold types require different materials.
Table 4: Material choices for plastic molds
Use of plastics or products | Representative raw material | Typical product | Die requirements | Applicable die materials | |
General thermosetting and thermoplastics | General | ABS | Radiator grille | High strength and high wear resistance | P20, 4Cr5MoV1Si, Cr12MoV, 5NiSCa, 8Cr2MnWMoVS |
Polypropylene | Fan, blade, bucket | ||||
Decorative piece | ABS | Automobile inner panel | High strength, high wear resistance, decorative pattern processability | P20, SM2 | |
Transparent part | Propylene | Three-dimensional dustproof, automobile taillight | High strength, high wear resistance and good abrasiveness | 8Cr2MnWMoVS, 5NiSCa, 18Ni maraging steels | |
Thermosetting plastics and thermoplastics filled with glass fibers, etc. | Thermoplastics | Polyacetal nylon, polycarbon resin | Engineering plastics products, automobile interior panels, electric tool housings | High abrasion resistance | Cr12MoV, CrWMn, 9Mn2V, 4Cr5MoSiV1, 8Cr2MnWMoVS, 5NiSCa, 7CrSiMnMbV |
Thermosetting plastics | Phenolic epoxy resin | Engineering plastics parts of gears | High abrasion resistance | ||
Optical lens | Propylene material, polypropylene vinyl | Camera lens, Fresnel lens | High mirror machinability, high strength and rust prevention | 18Ni maraging steel, 3Cr13, 4Cr13 | |
Flame retardant parts | ABS | Television housing, cathode ray tube housing, radio base | Appropriate strength and corrosion resistance | 17-4pH, 3Cr13, 4Cr13, P20 chromium plating | |
Polyvinyl chloride | PVC | Telephone, sink pipe, joint | Appropriate strength and corrosion resistance | 17-4pH, P20 chromium plating | |
Polytetrafluoroethylene | Polytetrafluoroethylene | Sealing gasket, wire coating material | Corrosion resistance | Ni-based superalloy containing tungsten and molybdenum |
Carbon steel is typically used without heat treatment. Q195, Q215, and Q235 steels are known for their low carbon content, superior welding characteristics, and strength. Steel grades Q255 and Q275 are stronger, more flexible, and tougher when welded. Ensure high-quality carbon structural steel’s chemical structure and mechanical properties.
The steel grade is a two-digit number that represents its carbon content. Carbon structural steel is crucial to the creation of plastic molds. In Tables 3 and 4, premium carbon structural steel is described chemically and mechanically. Based on its many uses, steel can also be classified as structural steel, tool steel, carburized steel, stainless steel, spring steel, bearing steel, and heat-resistant steel.
If you have any further questions about steels for injection moulds, please contact us! At Go4mould, we have over 20 years of experience in the industry and our team of experts can help you create the perfect mould for your needs, ensuring that your product is manufactured with precision. Talk to an expert!